PART 6: STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Chapter 1: DEFINITIONS AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.1.1 SCOPE
1.1.2 DEFINITIONS
1.1.3 SYMBOLS AND NOTATION
1.2 BASIC CONSIDERATIONS
1.2.1 GENERAL
1.2.2 BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES
1.2.3 STRUCTURE IMPORTANCE CLASS
1.2.4 SAFETY
1.2.5 SERVICEABILITY
1.2.6 RATIONALITY
1.2.7 ANALYSIS
1.2.8 DISTRIBUTION OF HORIZONTAL SHEAR
1.2.9 HORIZONTAL TORSIONAL MOMENTS
1.2.10 STABILITY AGAINST OVERTURNING AND SLIDING
1.2.11 ANCHORAGE
1.2.12 GENERAL STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY
1.2.13 PROPORTIONING OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
1.2.14 WALLS AND FRAMING
1.2.15 ADDITIONS TO EXISTING STRUCTURES
1.2.16 PHASED CONSTRUCTION
1.2.17 LOAD COMBINATIONS AND STRESS INCREASE
1.3 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
1.3.1 GENERAL
1.3.2 BASIC STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
1.3.3 COMBINATION OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
1.3.4 STRUCTURAL CONFIGURATIONS
1.4 DESIGN FOR GRAVITY LOADS
1.4.1 GENERAL
1.4.2 FLOOR DESIGN
1.4.3 ROOF DESIGN
1.4.4 REDUCTION OF LIVE LOADS
1.4.5 POSTING OF LIVE LOADS
1.4.6 RESTRICTIONS ON LOADING
1.4.7 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
1.4.8 DEFLECTION AND CAMBER
1.5 DESIGN FOR LATERAL LOADS
1.5.1 GENERAL
1.5.2 SELECTION OF LATERAL FORCE FOR DESIGN
1.5.3 DESIGN FOR WIND LOAD
1.5.4 DESIGN FOR EARTHQUAKE FORCES
1.5.5 OVERTURNING REQUIREMENTS
1.5.6 DRIFT AND BUILDING SEPARATION
1.5.7 BUILDING SEPARATION
1.5.8 P-DELTA EFFECTS
1.5.9 UPLIFT EFFECTS
1.6 DESIGN FOR MISCELLANEOUS LOADS
1.6.1 GENERAL
1.6.2 SELF-STRAINING FORCES
1.6.3 STRESS REVERSAL AND FATIGUE
1.6.4 FLOOD, TIDAL/STORM SURGE AND TSUNAMI
1.6.5 RAIN LOADS
1.6.6 OTHER LOADS
1.7 DETAILED DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
1.7.1 GENERAL
1.7.2 STRUCTURAL FRAMING SYSTEMS
1.7.3 DETAILING REQUIREMENTS FOR COMBINATIONS OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
1.8 FOUNDATION DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
1.8.1 GENERAL
1.8.2 SOIL CAPACITIES
1.8.3 SUPERSTRUCTURE-TO-FOUNDATION CONNECTION
1.8.4 FOUNDATION-SOIL INTERFACE
1.8.5 SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR FOOTINGS, PILES AND CAISSONS IN SEISMIC ZONES 2, 3 AND 4
1.8.6 RETAINING WALL DESIGN
1.9 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION REVIEW
1.9.1 DESIGN DOCUMENT
1.9.2 DESIGN REPORT
1.9.3 STRUCTURAL DRAWINGS AND MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS
1.9.4 DESIGN REVIEW
1.9.5 CONSTRUCTION OBSERVATION
Chapter 2: LOADS ON BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.1.1 SCOPE
2.1.2 LIMITATIONS
2.2 DEAD LOADS
2.2.1 GENERAL
2.2.2 DEFINITION
2.2.3 ASSESSMENT OF DEAD LOAD
2.2.4 WEIGHT OF MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTIONS
2.2.5 WEIGHT OF PERMANENT PARTITIONS
2.2.6 WEIGHT OF FIXED SERVICE EQUIPMENT
2.2.7 ADDITIONAL LOADS
2.3 LIVE LOADS
2.3.1 GENERAL
2.3.2 DEFINITION
2.3.3 MINIMUM FLOOR LIVE LOADS
2.3.4 UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOADS
2.3.5 CONCENTRATED LOADS
2.3.6 PROVISION FOR MOVABALE PARTITION WALLS
2.3.7 MORE THAN ONE OCCUPANCY
2.3.8 MINIMUM ROOF LIVE LOADS
2.3.9 LOADS NOT SPECIFIED
2.3.10 PARTIAL LOADING AND OTHER LOADING ARRANGEMENTS
2.3.11 OTHER LIVE LOADS
2.3.12 IMPACT AND DYNAMIC LOADS
2.3.13 REDUCTION OF LIVE LOADS
2.4 WIND LOADS
2.4.1 GENERAL
2.4.2 DEFINITIONS
2.4.3 SYMBOLS AND NOTATION
2.4.4 METHOD 1—SIMPLIFIED PROCEDURE
2.4.5 METHOD 2—ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE
2.4.6 BASIC WIND SPEED
2.4.7 IMPORTANCE FACTOR
2.4.8 EXPOSURE
2.4.9 TOPOGRAPHIC EFFECTS
2.4.10 GUST EFFECT FACTOR
2.4.13 DESIGN WIND LOADS ON ENCLOSED AND PARTIALLY ENCLOSED BUILDINGS.
2.4.14 DESIGN WIND LOADS ON OPEN BUILDINGS WITH MONOSLOPE, PITCHED, OR TROUGHED ROOFS.
2.4.15 DESIGN WIND LOADS ON SOLID FREE STANDING WALLS AND SOLID SIGNS
2.4.16 DESIGN WIND LOADS ON OTHER STRUCTURES
2.4.17 ROOFTOP STRUCTURES AND EQUIPMENT FOR BUILDINGS WITH H ≤ 18.3 m
2.4.18 METHOD 3—WIND TUNNEL PROCEDURE
2.4.19 DYNAMIC RESPONSE
2.5 EARTHQUAKE LOADS
2.5.1 GENERAL
2.5.2 DEFINITIONS
2.5.3 SYMBOLS AND NOTATION
2.5.5 INVESTIGATION AND ASSESSMENT OF SITE CONDITIONS
2.5.6 EARTHQUAKE GROUND MOTION
2.5.7 BUILDING CATEGORIES
2.5.8 STATIC ANALYSIS PROCEDURE
2.5.9 EQUIVALENT STATIC ANALYSIS
2.5.10 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS METHODS
2.5.11 RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS (RSA)
2.5.12 LINEAR TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS (LTHA)
2.5.13 NON-LINEAR TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS (NTHA)
2.5.14 NON-LINEAR STATIC ANALYSIS (NSA)
2.5.15 EARTHQUAKE LOAD COMBINATIONS
2.5.16 DRIFT AND DEFORMATION
2.5.17 SEISMIC DESIGN FOR NONSTRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
2.5.18 DESIGN FOR SEISMICALLY ISOLATED BUILDINGS
2.5.19 BUILDINGS WITH SOFT STOREY
2.6 MISCELLANEOUS LOADS
2.6.1 GENERAL
2.6.2 DEFINITIONS
2.6.3 RAIN LOADS
2.6.4 LOADS DUE TO FLOOD AND SURGE
2.6.5 TEMPERATURE EFFECTS
2.6.6 SOIL AND HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
2.6.7 LOADS DUE TO EXPLOSIONS
2.6.8 VERTICAL FORCES ON AIR RAID SHELTERS
2.6.9 LOADS ON HELICOPTER LANDING AREAS
2.6.10 ERECTION AND CONSTRUCTION LOADS
2.7 COMBINATIONS OF LOADS
2.7.1 GENERAL
2.7.2 DEFINITIONS
2.7.3 SYMBOLS AND NOTATION
2.7.4 COMBINATIONS OF LOADS AND STRESS INCREASE FOR ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN METHOD
2.7.5 COMBINATIONS OF LOADS FOR STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD
2.7.6 LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR DESIGN USING OTHER MATERIALS:
2.7.7 LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR EXTRAORDINARY EVENTS
Chapter 3: Soils and Foundations
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 SCOPE
3.3 TERMINOLOGY
3.4 SITE INVESTIGATIONS
3.4.1 Sub-Surface Survey
3.4.2 Sub-Soil Investigations
3.5 IDENTIFICATION, CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF SOILS
3.5.1 Identification of Soil
3.5.2 Soil Classification
3.6 GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION REPORT
3.7 MATERIALS
3.7.1 Concrete
3.7.2 Steel
3.7.3 Timber
3.8 TYPES OF FOUNDATION
3.8.1 Shallow Foundation
3.8.2 Deep Foundation
3.9 SHALLOW FOUNDATION
3.9.1 Distribution of Bearing Pressure
3.9.2 Footings in Fill Soil
3.9.3 Soil and Rock Property Selection
3.9.4 Minimum Depth of Foundation
3.9.5 Scour
3.9.6 Mass Movement of Ground in Unstable Areas
3.9.7 Foundation Excavation
3.10 GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
3.10.1 General
3.10.2 Design Load
3.10.3 Bearing capacity
3.10.4 Presumptive Bearing Capacity for Preliminary Design
3.10.5 Allowable Increase of Bearing Pressure due to Wind and Earthquake Forces
3.10.6 Settlement of Foundation
3.10.7 Total Settlement
3.10.8 Causes of Differential Settlement
3.10.9 Tolerable Settlement , Tilt and Rotation
3.10.10 Dynamic Ground Stability or Liquefaction Analysis
3.10.11 Principles of Structural Design of Foundations
3.11 Geotechnical Design of Deep Foundations
3.11.1 Driven Piles
3.11.2 Bored Piles
3.11.3 Settlement of Driven and Bored Piles
3.11.4 Drilled Shafts/ Drilled Piers
3.12 FIELD TESTS FOR DRIVEN PILES AND DRILLED SHAFTS
3.12.1 Integrity Test
3.12.2 Axial Load Tests
3.12.3 Uplift Capacity of Pile and Drilled Shaft
3.13 EXCAVATION
3.13.1 Notice to Adjoining Property
3.13.2 Excavation Work
3.14 DEWATERING
3.15 SLOPE STABILITY OF ADJOINING BUILDINGS
3.16 FILLS
3.16.1 Quality of Fill
3.16.2 Placement of Fill
3.16.3 Specifications
3.17 PROTECTIVE Retaining Structures for Foundations/ Shore Piles
3.18 WATERPROOFING AND DAMP-PROOFING
3.18.1 Waterproofing and Damp-Proofing Requirements
3.18.2 Other Damp-proofing and Waterproofing Requirements
3.19 FOUNDATION ON SLOPES
3.19.1 Footings on Slopes
3.20 FOUNDATIONS ON FILLS AND PROBLEMATIC SOILS
3.20.1 Footings on Filled up Ground
3.20.2 Ground Improvement
3.20.3 Soil Reinforcement
3.21 FOUNDATION DESIGN FOR DYNAMIC FORCES
3.21.1 Effect of Dynamic Forces
3.21.2 Machine Foundation
3.22 GEO-HAZARD ANALYSIS FOR BUILDINGS
Chapter 4: Bamboo
4.1 SCOPE
4.2 TERMINOLOGY
4.2.1 Anatomical Purpose Definitions
4.2.2 Structural Purpose Definitions
4.2.3 Definitions Relating to Defects
4.2.4 Definitions Relating to Drying Degrades
4.3 SYMBOLS
4.4 MATERIALS
4.4.1 Species of Bamboo
4.4.2 Grouping
4.4.3 Moisture Content in Bamboo
4.4.4 Grading of Structural Bamboo
4.4.5 Taper
4.4.6 Durability and Treatability
4.5 PERMISSIBLE STRESSES
4.6 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
4.7 DESIGN AND TECHNIQUES OF JOINTS
4.8 STORAGE OF BAMBOO
Chapter 5: Concrete Material
5.1 GENERAL
5.1.1 Scope
5.1.2 Notation
5.2 CONSTITUENTS OF CONCRETE
5.2.1 Cement
5.2.2 Aggregates
5.2.3 Water
5.2.4 Admixtures
5.3 STEEL REINFORCEMENT
5.3.1 General
5.3.2 Deformed Reinforcement
5.3.3 Plain Reinforcement
5.3.4 Structural Steel, Steel Pipe or Tubing
5.4 WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE
5.5 DURABILITY OF CONCRETE
5.5.1 Special Exposures
5.5.2 Sulphate Exposures
5.5.3 Corrosion of Reinforcement
5.5.4 Minimum Concrete Strength
5.6 CONCRETE MIX PROPORTION
5.7 Preparation of Equipment and Place of Deposit
5.8 MIXING
5.9 CONVEYING
5.10 DEPOSITING
5.11 CURING
5.12 EVALUATION AND ACCEPTANCE OF CONCRETE
5.12.1 General
5.12.2 Frequency of Testing
5.12.3 Laboratory Cured Specimens
5.12.4 Field Cured Specimens
5.12.5 Investigation of Low Strength Test Results
5.13 PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
5.13.1 Strength
5.13.2 Modulus of Elasticity
5.13.3 Creep
5.13.4 Shrinkage
5.13.5 Thermal Strains
5.14 CONCRETING IN ADVERSE WEATHER
5.15 SURFACE FINISH
5.15.1 Type of Finish
5.15.2 Quality of Finish
5.15.3 Type of Surface Finish
5.15.4 Production
5.15.5 Inspection and Making Good
5.15.6 Protection
5.16 FORMWORK
5.16.1 Design of Formwork
5.16.2 Removal of Forms and Shores
5.16.3 Conduits and Pipes Embedded in Concrete
5.16.4 Construction Joints
5.17 SHOTCRETE
5.17.1 General
5.17.2 Proportions and Materials
5.17.3 Aggregate
5.17.4 Reinforcement
5.17.5 Preconstruction Tests
5.17.6 Rebound
5.17.7 Joints
5.17.8 Damage
5.17.9 Curing
5.17.10 Strength Test
5.17.11 Inspections
5.17.12 Equipment
Chapter 6: Strength Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures
6.1 Analysis and Design - General Considerations
6.1.1 Convention and Notation
6.1.2 General
6.1.3 Loading
6.1.4 Methods of analysis
6.1.5 Redistribution of moments in continuous flexural members
6.1.6 Span length
6.1.7 Modulus of elasticity
6.1.8 Lightweight concrete
6.1.9 Stiffness
6.1.10 Effective stiffness for determining lateral deflections
6.1.11 Considerations for Columns
6.1.12 Live load arrangement
6.1.13 Construction of T-beam
6.1.14 Construction of joist
6.1.15 Separate floor finish
6.2 STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS
6.2.1 General
6.2.2 Required strength
6.2.3 Design Strength
6.2.4 Design strength for reinforcement
6.2.5 Control of deflections
6.3 AXIAL LOADS AND FLEXURE
6.3.1 Scope
6.3.2 Design assumptions
6.3.3 General principles and requirements
6.3.4 Spacing of lateral supports for flexural members
6.3.5 Minimum reinforcement for members in flexure
6.3.6 Distribution of flexural reinforcement in one-way slabs and beams
6.3.7 Deep beams
6.3.8 Design dimensions for compression members
6.3.9 Limits of reinforcement for compression members
6.3.10 Slenderness effects in compression members
6.3.11 Axially loaded members supporting slab system
6.3.12 Column load transmission through floor system
6.3.13 Composite compression members
6.3.14 Bearing strength
6.4 SHEAR AND TORSION
6.4.1 Shear strength
6.4.2 Contribution of concrete to shear strength
6.4.3 Shear strength contribution of reinforcement
6.4.4 Design for torsion
6.4.5 Shear-friction
6.4.6 Deep beams
6.4.7 Provisions for brackets and corbels
6.4.8 Provisions for walls
6.4.9 Transfer of moments to columns
6.4.9 Transfer of moments to columns
6.4.10 Provisions for footings and slabs
6.5 TWO-WAY SLAB SYSTEMS: FLAT PLATES, FLAT SLABS AND EDGE-SUPPORTED SLABS
6.5.1 Scope
6.5.2 General
6.5.3 Slab reinforcement
6.5.4 Openings in slab systems
6.5.5 Design procedures
6.5.6 Direct design method
6.5.7 Equivalent frame method
6.5.8 ALTERNATIVE DESIGN OF TWO-WAY EDGE-SUPPORTED SLABS
6.5.9 RIBBED AND HOLLOW SLABS
6.6 WALLS
6.6.1 Scope
6.6.2 General
6.6.3 Minimum reinforcement
6.6.4 Design of walls as compression members
6.6.5 Empirical method of design
6.6.6 Nonbearing walls
6.6.7 Walls as grade beams
6.6.8 Alternative design of slender walls
6.7 Stairs:
6.7.1 Stairs supported at landing level
6.7.2 Free standing stair (landing unsupported)
6.7.3 DESIGN
6.7.4 Sawtooth (slab less) stair
6.7.5 Helicoidal stair
6.8 FOOTINGS
6.8.1 Scope
6.8.2 Loads and reactions
6.8.3 Equivalent square shapes for circular or regular polygon-shaped columns or pedestals supported by footings
6.8.4 Moment in footings
6.8.5 Shear in footings
6.8.6 Development of reinforcement in footings
6.8.7 Minimum footing depth
6.8.8 Force transfer at base of column, wall, or reinforced pedestal
6.8.9 Stepped or sloped footings
6.8.10 Combined footings and mats
6.9 FOLDED PLATES AND SHELLS
6.9.1 Scope and definitions
6.9.2 Analysis and design
6.9.3 Design strength of materials
6.9.4 Shell reinforcement
6.9.5 Construction
6.10 PRECAST CONCRETE
6.10.1 Scope
6.10.2 General
6.10.3 Distribution of forces among members
6.10.4 Member design
6.10.5 Structural integrity
6.10.6 Connection and bearing design
6.10.7 Items embedded after concrete placement
6.10.8 Marking and identification
6.10.9 Handling
6.10.10 Evaluation of strength of precast construction
6.11 EVALUATION OF STRENGTH OF EXISTING STRUCTURES
6.11.1 Strength evaluation — General
6.11.2 Determination of material properties and required dimensions
6.11.3 Load test procedure
6.11.4 Loading criteria
6.11.5 Acceptance criteria
6.11.6 Provision for lower load rating
6.11.7 Safety
6.12 COMPOSITE CONCRETE FLEXURAL MEMBERS
6.12.1 Scope
6.12.2 General
6.12.3 Shoring
6.12.4 Vertical shear strength
6.12.5 Horizontal shear strength
6.12.6 Ties for horizontal shear
Chapter 7: Masonry Structures
7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.1.1 Scope
7.1.2 Symbols and Notation
7.1.3 Definitions
7.2 Materials
7.2.1 General
7.2.2 Masonry Units
7.2.3 Mortar and Grout
7.3 Allowable STRESSES
7.3.1 General
7.3.2 Specified Compressive Strength of Masonry,
7.3.3. Compliance with fm
7.3.4 Quality Control
7.3.5 Allowable Stresses in Masonry
7.3.6 Allowable Stresses in Reinforcement
7.3.7 Combined Compressive Stress
7.3.8 Modulus of Elasticity
7.3.9 Shear and Tension on Embedded Anchor Bolts
7.3.10 Load Test
7.3.11 Reuse of Masonry Units
7.4 BASIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
7.4.1 General
7.4.2 Design Considerations
7.4.3 Supports
7.4.4 Stability
7.4.5 Structural Continuity
7.4.6 Joint Reinforcement and Protection of Ties
7.4.7 Pipes and Conduits
7.4.8 Loads and Load Combination
7.4.9 Minimum Design Dimensions
7.5 DESIGN OF UNREINFORCED MASONRY
7.6 DESIGN OF REINFORCED MASONRY
7.6.1 General
7.6.2 Design of Members Subjected to Axial Compression
7.6.3 Design of Members Subjected to Combined Bending and Axial Compression
7.6.4 Design of Members Subjected to Shear Force
7.6.5 Design of Members Subjected to Flexural Stress
7.6.6 Reinforcement Requirements and Details
7.7 Strength Design of Slender Walls and Shear Walls
7.7.1 Design of Slender Walls
7.7.2 Design of Shear Walls
7.8 Earthquake Resistant Design
7.8.1 General
7.8.2 Loads
7.8.3 Materials
7.8.4 Provisions for Seismic Zone 2 and 3
7.8.5 Provisions for Seismic Zone 4
7.8.6 Additional Requirements
7.9 PROVISIONS FOR HIGH WIND REGIONS
7.9.1 General
7.9.2 Materials
7.9.3 Construction Requirements
7.9.4 Foundation
7.9.5 Drainage
7.9.6 Wall Construction
7.9.7 Floor and Roof Systems
7.9.8 Lateral Force Resistance
7.10 CONSTRUCTION
7.10.1 General
7.10.2 Storage and Preparation of Construction Materials
7.10.3 Placing Masonry Units
7.10.4 Verticality and Alignment
7.10.5 Reinforcement Placing
7.10.6 Grouted Masonry
7.10.7 Chases, Recesses and Holes
7.11 CONFINED MASONRY
7.11.1 General
7.11.2 Difference of Confined Masonry from RC Frame Construction
7.11.3 Mechanism of Resisting Earthquake Effects
7.11.4 Key Factors Influencing Seismic Resistance
7.11.5 Verification of Members
7.11.6 Confined Masonry Members
7.11.7 Architectural Guideline
7.11.8 Confined Masonry Details
7.11.9 Foundation and Plinth Construction
Chapter 8: Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures
8.1 Scope
8.1.1 Standard Hooks
8.1.2 Minimum Bend Diameters
8.1.3 Bending
8.1.4 Surface Conditions of Reinforcement
8.1.5 Placing of Reinforcement
8.1.6 Spacing of Reinforcement
8.1.7 Exposure Condition and Cover to Reinforcement
8.1.8 Reinforcement Details for Columns
8.1.9 Lateral Reinforcement for Columns
8.1.10 Lateral Reinforcement for Beams
8.1.11 Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement
8.1.12 Requirements for Structural Integrity
8.1.13 Connections
8.2 DEVELOPMENT AND SPLICES OF REINFORCEMENT
8.2.1 Development of Reinforcement - General
8.2.2 Scope and Limitation
8.2.3 Development of Deformed Bars and Deformed Wires in Tension
8.2.4 Development of Deformed Bars and Deformed Wires in Compression
8.2.5 Development of Bundled Bars
8.2.6 Development of Standard Hooks in Tension
8.2.7 Development of Flexural Reinforcement - General
8.2.8 Development of Positive Moment Reinforcement
8.2.9 Development of Negative Moment Reinforcement
8.2.10 Development of Shear Reinforcement
8.2.11 Development of Plain Bars
8.2.12 Splices of Reinforcement - General
8.2.13 Splices of Deformed Bars and Deformed Wire in Tension
8.2.14 Splices of Deformed Bars in Compression
8.2.15 Special Splice Requirements for Columns
8.2.16 Splices of Plain Bars
8.2.17 Development of headed and mechanically anchored deformed bars in tension
8.2.18 Development of welded deformed wire reinforcement in tension
8.2.19 Development of welded plain wire reinforcement in tension
8.2.20 Splices of welded deformed wire reinforcement in tension
8.2.21 Splices of welded plain wire reinforcement in tension
8.3 EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT DESIGN PROVISIONS
8.3.1 Notation
8.3.2 Definitions
8.3.3 General Requirements
8.3.4 Flexural Members of Special Moment Frames
8.3.5 Special Moment Frame Members Subjected to Bending and Axial Load
8.3.6 Special Structural Walls and Diaphragms
8.3.7 Special Structural Walls and Diaphragms
8.3.8 Joints of Special Moment Frames
8.3.9 Shear Strength Requirements
8.3.10 Ordinary Moment Frame Members not Proportioned to Resist Forces Induced by Earthquake Motion
8.3.11 Requirements for Intermediate Moment Frames
Chapter 9: Prestressed Concrete Structures
9.1 Scope
9.2 Definitions
9.3 Notations
9.4 Analysis and design
9.4.1 Requirement
9.4.2 Material properties for design
9.4.3 Nominal strengths of bonded reinforcement and of concrete at transfer
9.4.4 Serviceability Requirements – Flexural Members
9.4.5 Permissible stresses in prestressing steel
9.4.6 Losses of prestress
9.4.7 Control of Deflection
9.4.8 Flexural Strength
9.4.9 Limits for flexural reinforcement
9.4.10 Minimum bonded reinforcement
9.4.11 Statically indeterminate structures
9.4.12 Compression members — Combined flexure and axial load
9.4.13 Slab systems
9.4.14 Post-tensioned tendon anchorage zones
9.4.15 Design of anchorage zones for monostrand or single φ16 mm bar tendons
9.4.16 Design of anchorage zones for multi-strand tendons
9.4.17 Cold Drawn Low Carbon Wire Prestressed Concrete (CWPC)
9.4.18 External post-tensioning
9.4.19 Performance requirement of prestressed concrete design
9.5 Material and Construction
9.5.1 Materials
9.5.2 Construction of prestressed concrete structures
9.5.3 Performance requirement of material
9.6 Maintenance
9.6.1 General
9.6.2 Classification of Maintenance Action
9.6.3 Maintenance Record
9.6.4 Inspection
9.6.5 Monitoring
9.6.6 Deterioration Mechanism and Prediction
9.6.7 Evaluation and Decision Making
9.6.8 Remedial Action
Chapter 10: Steel Structures
10.1 General Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings and Structures
10.1.1 Scope
10.1.2 Referenced Specifications, Codes and Standards
10.1.3 Material
10.1.4 Structural Design Drawings and Specifications
10.2 General Design Requirements
10.2.1 General Provisions
10.2.2 Loads and Load Combinations
10.2.3 Design Basis
10.2.4 Classification of Sections for Local Buckling
10.2.5 Fabrication, Erection and Quality
10.3 Stability Analysis and Design
10.3.1 Stability Design Requirements
10.3.2 Calculation of Required Strengths
10.4 Design of Members for Tension
10.4.1 Slenderness Limitations
10.4.2 Tensile Strength
10.4.3 Area Determination
10.4.4 Built-Up Members
10.4.5 Pin-Connected Members
10.4.6 Eyebars
10.5 Design of Members for Compression
10.5.1 General Provisions
10.5.2 Slenderness Limitations and effective Length
10.5.3 Compressive Strength for Flexural Buckling of Members without Slender elements
10.5.4 Compressive Strength for Torsional and Flexural-Torsional Buckling of Members without Slender elements
10.5.5 Single Angle Compression Members
10.5.6 Built-up Members
10.5.7 Members with Slender Elements
10.6 Design of Members for Flexure
10.6.1 General Provisions
10.6.2 Doubly Symmetric Compact I-Shaped Members and Channels Bent about Their Major Axis
10.6.3 Doubly Symmetric I-Shaped Members with Compact Webs and Noncompact or Slender Flanges Bent about Their Major Axis
10.6.4 Other I-Shaped Members with Compact or Noncompact Webs Bent about Their Major Axis
10.6.5 Doubly Symmetric and Singly Symmetric I-Shaped Members with Slender Webs Bent about Their Major Axis
10.6.6 I-Shaped Members and Channels Bent about Their Minor Axis
10.6.7 Square and Rectangular HSS and Box-Shaped Members
10.6.8 Round HSS
10.6.9 Tees and Double Angles Loaded in the Plane of Symmetry
10.6.10 Single Angle
10.6.11 Rectangular Bars and Rounds
10.6.12 Unsymmetrical Shapes
10.6.13 Proportions of Beams and Girders
10.7 Design of Members for Shear
10.7.1 General Provisions
10.7.2 Members with Unstiffened or Stiffened Webs
10.7.3 Tension Field Action
10.7.4 Single Angles
10.7.5 Rectangular HSS and Box Members
10.7.6 Round HSS
10.7.7 Weak Axis Shear in Singly and Doubly Symmetric Shapes
10.7.8 Beams and girders with Web Openings
10.8 Design of Members for Combined Forces and Torsion
10.8.1 Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members Subject to Flexure and Axial Force
10.8.2 Unsymmetric and Other Members Subject to Flexure and Axial Force
10.8.3 Members under Torsion and Combined Torsion, Flexure, Shear and/or Axial Force
10.9 EVALUATION OF EXISTING STRUCTURES
10.9.1 GENERAL PROVISIONS
10.9.2 MATERIAL PROPERTIES
10.9.3 EVALUATION BY STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
10.9.4 EVALUATION BY LOAD TESTS
10.9.5 EVALUATION REPORT
10.10 Connections
10.10.1 General Provisions
10.10.2 Welds
10.10.3 Bolts and Threaded Parts
10.10.4 Affected Elements of Members and Connecting Elements
10.10.5 Fillers
10.10.6 Splices
10.10.7 Bearing Strength
10.10.8 Column Bases and Bearing on Concrete
10.10.9 Anchor Rods and Embedments
10.10.10 Flanges and Webs with Concentrated Forces
10.11 Design of HSS and Box Member Connections
10.11.1 Concentrated Forces on HSS
10.11.2 HSS-To-HSS Truss Connections
10.11.3 HSS-To-HSS Moment Connections
10.12 Design for Serviceability
10.12.1 General Provisions
10.12.2 Camber
10.12.3 Deflections
10.12.4 Drift 6-568
10.12.5 Vibration
10.12.6 Wind-Induced Motion
10.12.6 Wind-Induced Motion
10.12.8 Connection Slip
10.13 Fabrication, Erection and Quality Control
10.13.1 DESIGN DRAWINGS AND SPECIFICATIONS
10.13.2 Shop and Erection Drawings
10.13.3 MATERIALS
10.13.4 Fabrication
10.13.5 Shop Painting
10.13.6 Erection
10.13.7 Quality Control
10.14 Direct Analysis Method
10.14.1 General Requirements
10.14.2 Notional Loads
10.14.3 Notional Loads
10.15 Inelastic Analysis and Design
10.15.1 General Provisions
10.15.2 Materials
10.15.3 Moment Redistribution
10.15.4 Local Buckling
10.15.5 Stability and Second-Order Effects
10.15.6 Columns and Other Compression Members
10.15.7 Beams and Other Flexural Members
10.15.8 Beams and Other Flexural Members
10.15.9 Connections
10.16 Design for Ponding
10.16.1 Simplified Design for Ponding
10.16.2 Improved Design for Ponding
10.17 Design for Fatigue
10.17.1 General
10.17.2 Calculation of Maximum Stresses and Stress Ranges
10.17.3 Design Stress Range
10.17.4 Bolts and Threaded Parts
10.17.5 Special Fabrication and Erection Requirements
10.18 Structural Design for Fire Conditions
10.18.1 General Provisions
10.18.2 Structural Design for Fire Conditions By Analysis
10.18.3 Design By Qualification Testing
10.19 Stability Bracing For Columns and Beams
10.19.1 General Provisions
10.19.2 Columns
10.19.3 Beams
10.19.4 Slenderness Limitations
10.20 Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings
10.20.1 Scope
10.20.2 Referenced Specifications, Codes and Standards
10.20.3 General Seismic Design Requirements
10.20.4 Loads, Load Combinations, and Nominal Strengths
10.20.5 Structural Design Drawings and Specifications, Shop Drawings, and Erection Drawings
10.20.6 Materials
10.20.7 Connections, Joints and Fasteners
10.20.8 Members
10.20.9 Special Moment Frames (SMF)
10.20.10 Intermediate Moment Frames (IMF)
10.20.11 Ordinary Moment Frames (OMF)
10.20.12 Special Truss Moment Frames (STMF)
10.20.13 Special Concentrically Braced Frames (SCBF)
10.20.14 Ordinary Concentrically Braced Frames (OCBF)
10.20.15 Eccentrically Braced Frames (EBF)
10.20.16 Buckling-Restrained Braced Frames (BRBF)
10.20.17 Special Plate Shear Walls (SPSW)
10.20.18 Quality Assurance Plan
Chapter 11: Timber
11.1 SCOPE
11.2 TERMINOLOGY
11.3 SYMBOLS
11.4 MATERIALS
11.5 PERMISSIBLE STRESSES
11.6 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
11.7 DESIGN OF COMMON STEEL WIRE NAIL JOINTS
11.8 DESIGN OF NAIL LAMINATED TIMBER BEAMS
11.8.1 Method of Arrangement
11.8.2 Sizes of Planks and Beams
11.8.3 Design Considerations
11.9 DESIGN OF BOLTED CONSTRUCTION JOINTS
11.9.1 General
11.9.2 Design Considerations
11.9.3 Arrangement of Bolts
11.9.4 Outline for Design of Bolted Joints
11.10 DESIGN OF TIMBER CONNECTOR JOINTS
11.11 GLUED LAMINATED CONSTRUCTION AND FINGER JOINTS
11.12 LAMINATED VENEER LUMBER
11.13 DESIGN OF GLUED LAMINATED BEAMS
11.14 STRUCTURAL USE OF PLYWOOD
11.15 TRUSSED RAFTER
11.15.1 General
11.15.2 Design
11.15.3 Timber
11.15.4 Plywood
11.16 STRUCTURAL SANDWICHES
11.16.1 General
11.16.2 Cores
11.16.3 Facings
11.16.4 Designing
11.16.5 Tests
11.17 LAMELLA ROOFING
11.17.1 General
11.17.2 Lamellas
11.17.3 Construction
11.18 NAIL AND SCREW HOLDING POWER OF TIMBER
11.18.1 General
11.18.2 Nails
11.18.3 Screw
11.19 PROTECTION AGAINST TERMITE ATTACK IN BUILDINGS
Chapter 12: Ferrocement Structures
12.1 SCOPE
12.2 TERMINOLOGY
12.2.1 Reinforcement Parameters
12.2.2 Notation
12.2.3 Definitions
12.3 MATERIALS
12.3.1 Cement
12.3.2 Aggregates
12.3.3 Water
12.3.4 Admixtures
12.3.5 Mix Proportioning
12.3.6 Reinforcement
12.4 DESIGN
12.4.1 General Principles and Requirements
12.4.2 Strength Requirements
12.4.3 Service Load Design
12.4.4 Serviceability Requirements
12.4.5 Particular Design Parameters
12.4.6 Design Aids
12.5 FABRICATION
12.5.1 General Requirements
12.5.2 Construction Methods
12.6 MAINTENANCE
12.6.1 General
12.6.2 Blemish and Stain Removal
12.6.3 Protective Surface Treatments
12.7 DAMAGE REPAIR
12.7.1 Common Types of Damage
12.7.2 Evaluation of Damage
12.7.3 Surface Preparation for Repair of Damage
12.7.4 Repair Materials
12.7.5 Repair Procedure
12.8 TESTING
12.8.1 Test Requirement
12.8.2 Test Methods
Chapter 13: Steel-Concrete Composite Structural Members
13.1 General Provisions for Steel-Concrete Composite Structural Members
13.1.1 Scope
13.1.2 Referenced Specifications, Codes and Standards
13.1.3 Material Limitations
13.1.4 General Provisions
13.2 Design of Composite Axial Members
13.2.1 Encased Composite Columns
13.2.2 Concrete Filled Hollow Structural Section
13.3 Design of Composite Flexural Members
13.3.1 General
13.3.2 Strength of Composite Beams with Shear Connectors
13.3.3 Slab Reinforcement
13.3.4 Flexural Strength of Concrete-Encased and Filled Members
13.3.5 Combined Axial Force and Flexure
13.3.6 Special Cases
13.4 Composite Connections
13.4.1 General
13.4.2 Nominal Strength of Connections
13.5 Seismic Provisions for Composite Structural Systems
13.5.1 Scope
13.5.2 Seismic Design Categories
13.5.3 Loads, Load Combinations, and Nominal Strengths
13.5.4 Materials
13.5.5 Composite Members
13.5.6 Composite Steel Plate Shear Walls (C-SPW)
Appendix
A Brief Description of the Local Geology, Tectonic Features and Earthquake Occurrence in the Region
Methods of Soil Exploration, Sampling and Groundwater Measurements
Recommended Criteria for Identification and Classification of Expansive Soil
Other Methods of Estimating Ultimate Axial Load Capacity of Piles and Drilled Shafts, and Design Charts
STRUT-AND-TIE MODELS
ANCHORING TO CONCRETE
Calculation of Volume Fraction of Reinforcement
Common Types and Sizes of Steel Meshes used in Ferrocement
